# Summarize Ethernet Standards Electromagnetic carrier waves with a range of frequencies (bandwith) - analog signaling is a wave of data like a graph. - a Digital signal, has constraints and is measured. It is better... and far more precise. Copper cabling carries electrical signals while, fiber optics carries infrared light signals. ## Ethernet Standards Insitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 Ethernet - xBASE-y - Bit rate - Baseband signal mode - Media type - 10BASE-T - 10 Mbps - -T - twisted pair copper cabling ## Media Access Control and collision Domains Somtimes the signal gets interrupted, routed the wrong way, shit happens - There are ways to ensure the signal is good with Collision Domains - Carrier Sense multiple access with collision Detection (CSMA/CD) - If data collides, it can resent any packets or data that is lost - Detects collisions by signal presence on Tx and Rx simultaneously - Half-duplex tranmission - 10BASE-T hubs form a single collision domain - switches have multiple Collision domains, and MAC tables. - Collision detection: is picking a random time to resend data - Collision Avoidance: is asking for a time to send data ## 100BASE-TX Fast Ethernet Standard - CSMA/CD over twisted pair but at 100Mbps - This is on CAT 5 or better cable - Maximum link length of 100 meters (328 feet) - Development of ethernet switches to replace hubs - Hubs are old technology, they were bad, replaced by switches - Isolations collision domain to switch port - allows full-duplex transmission - Speed/duplex autonegotiation protocol (fast link pulse) ## Gigabit Ethernet Standards - 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet) - Requires a switch - Supports 100m links over twisted-pair - Mainstream choice for office networks - 10 Gbps (10g Ethernet) and 40 Gbps (40g ethernet) - Requires shielded/screened cable for longer runs - Used in datacenters and for workstations with high bandwidth requirements # Summarize Copper Cabling Types ## Unshielded Twisted pair cable (UTP) - There are 4 twisted pairs (8 cables in total) - Unshielded can be affected by electromagnetic interferance can mess with the data ![[Pasted image 20230515103644.png]] ## Shielded and Screened twisted pair cable This shields the cable, preventing interferance with the data on the cable. Not really used in the home, mainly in places where there may be interferance - Screened cable - Outer (aluminum) foil shield around all pairs - screen twisted pair (ScTP), foiled/unshielded twisted pair (F/UTP), foiled twisted pair (FTP) - Shielded and screened cable - outer braid around all pairs - foil around each pair - Shielded/foiled twisted pair (S/FTP) ## Cat cable Standards - Cat 5 - Legacy installations only - Cat 5e (pretty much the standard) - Better performance characteristics to support 1Gbps over 100m - Cat 6 - 10 Gbps over reduced range (55m) - Cat 6A - 10 Gbps over 100m - Cat 7 - Screened/shielded type using special connectors (TERA, GG45) - Cat 8 - 40 Gbps over reduced lengths (top-of-rack datacenter applications) ## Twisted Pair Connector types - RJ-45 - 4-pair cable - 8-position/8-contact - ehternet - RJ-11 - 2 pair cable - Use in telephone lines ## Copper termination standards RJ-45 already have a terminator connector ## Plenum- and Riser- rater Cable - Plenum cable for heating, ventilation, and HVAC systems - it is rated for this, due to the environment. Constructions codes etc... - Plenum rated cable - emites minimal smoke - self extinguishing - CMP/MMP - Riser (between floors) - CMR/MPR ## Coaxial and Twinaxial Cable and Connectors - Coaxial - Core and mesh conductors - Radio Grade designations - used to cable broadband - F-type connectors - Twinaxial - 2 core conductors plush mesh conductor - used in data centers - Direct attach Copper (DAC) transceivers # Summarize Fiber Optic Cabling Fiber optic considerations: - Infrared signaling less prone to interference and attenuation - Fiber optic cable construction - core, cladding, and waveguide - Buffer and sheath - Multi-strand cable - Outer jacket materials - <u>Single Mode Fiber (SMF)</u> - 8-10 micron core - 1310 / 1550 nm wavelength - laser optics - OS1 (indoor) OS2 (outdoor) - long distance and short range (datacenter) applications - <u>Multimode Fiber (MMF)</u> - 50 / 62.5 micron core - 850 / 1300 nm wavelength - Optical Multimode (OM) categories - OM1/OM2 support 1 Gbps using LED transmitters or 10 Gbps over shorter range - OM3/OM4 laster optimized MMF (LOMMF) - Mostly short range applications **Fiber optic connector types:** - Straight Tip (ST) - Legacy - Subscriber Connector (SC) - push/pull design - very widely used - Local Connector (LC) - Smaller form factor then SC - Also very widely used - Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack (MTRJ) - Small form factor snap-in design - duplex connector - single or multimode ## Fiber Ethernet Standards - 100BASE-FX and 100BASE-SX - 100 mpbs over 2km (FX) and 550m (SX) - 1000BASE-SX and 100BASE-LX - 1 gbps over short ranges (SX) and long ranges (LX) - 10GBASE-SR and 10GBASE-LR - 10Gbps over short range (SR) and long range (LR) ## Fiber Optic Cable Installation - Duplex strand pairs - Patch cord polarity - Finishing Types: - Physical Contact (PC) - faces of connector and fiber tip are polished so that they curve slightly and fit better together - Ultra Physical Contact (UPC) - cable and connector are polished to a higher standard then PC - Angled Physical Contact (APC) - Faces are angled for an even tighter conenction for better performance. Usually deployed on cables carrying signal over long dist ances - Jacket and connector color-coding # Deploy Ethernet Cabling ![[StructuredCablingSystem.png]] ## Cable Management You must have clean cable management both for reliability and ease of management/changes - Cross-connect/distribution frames - Terminate structured cabling (permanent links) - Punchdown block - Insulation-displacement connection (IDC) - 66 blocks - 100 block - BIX and Krone formats - Patch panel/patch bay ## Wiring Tools and Techniques - Pulling cable from telecommunications room to work area (distribution frame to wall port) - Permanent link vs patch cords - Drops to wall port - Service Loop - Snips and cable strippers to remove jacket and insulation without damaging wires ## Termination tools - Punchdown tools' - Cable crimper - Unshielded vs shielded termination ![[FiberDistroPanelsFusionSplicing.png]] ![[Pasted image 20230516090751.png]] ![[Pasted image 20230516090814.png]]